Silence to Sound


November 18 - December 6, 2001



photo: city girl


about the series | film descriptions and times


The period in film history when the industry made the big switch from silence to sound has traditionally been pictured as a moment of aesthetic and technical chaos. Many critics and filmmakers lamented the purity of silent cinema, which had reached its expressive peak in the late 20s, just around the time THE JAZZ SINGER changed everything. And to be sure, the years from 1928 to 1930 are filled with transplanted Broadway musicals in which the camera was bolted in place, the dialogue readings were wooden, the performances practically immobilized. On the other hand, it was exactly this chaos and need for experimentation that made for so much exciting work. Obviously, there were plenty of directors like the poor guy in Singin' in the Rain, tearing their hair out trying to figure out how to simultaneously disguise the enormous microphones and get them close enough to their actors to record their dialogue. But there were also many filmmakers like Jean Renoir, King Vidor and Josef von Sternberg, who rose to the challenge and then some.

This program is a little celebration of that moment in film history, with a mix of straight silents, silents with sound sequences added, and early talkies. The spirit of dynamic, creative change is embedded within, and exemplified by, these wonderful movies.

This program has been supported by the National Endowment for the Arts.



la chienne



the bat whispers



m / m - eine stadt sucht einen mörder



hallelujah



morocco



BLACKMAIL
Alfred Hitchcock, United Kingdom, 1929; 84m
Hitchcock's first sound film is an early example of his favorite emotional set up, in which guilt and innocence are hopelessly entangled. The fiancée of a Scotland Yard detective poses in the nude for a painter and then stabs him in self-defense as he tries to seduce her. The detective is later blackmailed by one of his fellow officers. One very odd fact about this film: the voice of female star Anna Ondra was "dubbed," on the set, by actress Joan Barry. It took quite a few takes before they got it right.
Sun Nov 18: 2, 5:45 & 9:30

LA CHIENNE
Jean Renoir, France, 1931; 95m
Renoir's first sound film was On purge bébé, in which he earned the dubious distinction of being the first filmmaker to record the sound of a flushing toilet. This 1931 film, as bleak a story as he ever filmed, was one of his greatest. Michel Simon is the milquetoast Sunday painter befriended by prostitute Jany Holt, who puts her name on his paintings in order to line the pockets of her pimp. Renoir's use of natural sound in this film is thrilling, particulary when he fades up the sounds of the street after a murder. Remade 14 years later, and brilliantly, by Fritz Lang as Scarlet Street (another film with a stunning soundtrack).
Sun Nov 18: 3:45 & 7:30

THE BAT WHISPERS
Roland West, U.S., 1930; 82m
Director Roland West, a fascinating high-stylist, shot this adaptation of Avery Hopwood and Mary Roberts Rinehart's things-that-go-bump-in-the-night melodrama The Bat in an early widescreen process called Magnifilm. THE BAT WHISPERS is in many ways two films, a creaky stage melodrama (from a very popular genre) and, in the sequences with the master criminal the Bat, a tantalizing feast of expressionist design and dynamic camera movement. Featuring Chester Morris, soon to be doing B-movie duty in the Boston Blackie series, and the lovely Una Merkel.
Wed Nov 21: 1, 5 & 9; Thurs Nov 22: 3 & 7:30

M / M - EINE STADT SUCHT EINEN MÖRDER
Fritz Lang, Germany, 1931; 105m
Fritz Lang's first talkie, about a child murderer being tracked through Berlin by both the police and the criminal population (he's bad for business), is obviously a renowned classic. It's also a film with a surpassingly brilliant use of sound very early in the game: the soundtrack for M often works contrapuntally with the image, sometimes as a bridge between scenes, and is a key factor in the film's portrait of the city as gridlike, paranoid nightmare. This is the long version of Lang's masterpiece, with its devastating final image of the bereaved mothers of the dead children.
Wed Nov 21: 3 & 7; Thurs Nov 22: 1, 5 & 9:15

HALLELUJAH
King Vidor, U.S., 1929; 109m
King Vidor grew up in the South, and for his first important sound film he chose to shoot on location (unheard of, what with the cumbersome recording equipment) in Tennessee, with an all-black cast (also unheard of). He was able to do so thanks to the considerable clout he'd earned four years earlier with The Big Parade. In that film, Vidor had already used metronomic rhythm to get his actors moving in unison to shattering effect. In HALLELUJAH, about a preacher plagued by a "fallen woman," he put his rhythmic sense to use and made one of his most vibrant movies, pulsing with life. Call it an earthy musical, as exciting today as it was over 70 years ago.
Sat Nov 24: 6:30; Mon Nov 26: 4 & 8:15

MOROCCO
Josef von Sternberg, U.S., 1930; 90m
As visually fluid as any of the last great silents, and probably an even greater achievement than Sternberg's The Blue Angel. Gary Cooper, detested by his director, gave one of his most unusual performances as a Foreign Legionnaire who becomes a supreme love object for Marlene Dietrich's hardened cabaret singer. Peerless cinematographer Lee Garmes developed a special technique to shoot Dietrich that he called "north light," accenting her whole face from above. A rapturous experience, cinematically and emotionally.
Sat Nov 24: 9; Mon Nov 26: 2 & 6:15

SUNRISE
F.W. Murnau, U.S., 1927; 95m
For many filmmakers and film historians, this is the greatest film ever made. It may be true. SUNRISE tells the archetypal story, set in a nameless European country, of a poor farmer tempted by the lure of the city (Charles Farrell) and his steadfast wife (Janet Gaynor). Due to F.W. Murnau's unearthly control over his chosen art form, the film plays as a series of sustained poetic movements, the most breathtaking of which may well be the tram ride into the city - if there's a secret heart of the cinema, that sequence resides there. Accompanied by a now antique score, a lovely compendium of orchestral accompaniment and sound effects.
Sun Nov 25: 2 & 6; Tue Nov 27: 3

CITY GIRL
F.W. Murnau, U.S., 1930; 77m
F.W. Murnau didn't let the box office failure of his now lost Four Devils stop him when it came to spending money on CITY GIRL. He actually purchased a farm in Oregon on which to make his projected "poem of wheat." Fox severely truncated the original, but what survives is a visually ravishing love triangle between farmer Charles Farrell, Mary Duncan as the girl he brings home from the city, and Tom Maguire as the farmhand. Terrence Malick certainly studied this film before he made Days of Heaven.
Sun Nov 25: 4 & 8; Tue Nov 27: 1

SEVENTH HEAVEN
Frank Borzage, U.S., 1927; 110m
Austin Strong's melodrama was a huge hit on Broadway, and in the hands of director Frank Borzage it became an intensely moving portrait of love. Charles Farrell and Janet Gaynor are the Parisian couple whose unbreakable bond transcends all adversity. In their scenes together, and this is true of all Borzage films from the same period, the rapport is so delicate and nuanced that you can all but hear the dialogue between them. When Borzage's lovers began talking for real in Liliom and Bad Girl, it seemed like a natural outgrowth of the earlier silents.
Wed Nov 28: 1; Thurs Nov 29: 4 & 8:30

STREET ANGEL
Frank Borzage, U.S., 1928; 102m
One of the last of the great silents, Borzage's follow-up to the massively successful SEVENTH HEAVEN with the same stars is even more expressionistic and visually ravishing. Janet Gaynor is the Neapolitan street urchin who poses as the Madonna for painter Charles Farrell just before she's imprisoned for theft. This profoundly affecting romance was quite influential on Asian cinema of the time, and was actually remade in China.
Wed Nov 28: 3:15; Thurs Nov 29: 2 & 6:15



sunrise



street angel



the jazz singer



i was born, but...


THE JAZZ SINGER
Alan Crosland, U.S., 1927; 88m
In fact, the movie that changed everything was only a partial talkie, with just a few scenes of the dynamic Al Jolson doing his stuff: singing, or bantering with his mother. The Jazz Singer has been endlessly discussed, remade (most notoriously with Neil Diamond) twice, parodied definitively on SCTV (with Al Jarreau as the jazz singer who "just wants to be a cantor"). But the film still retains its zest and vigor, 74 years later.
Fri Nov 30: 1

GLORIFYING THE AMERICAN GIRL
John W. Harkrider & Millard Webb, U.S., 1929; 87m
When people talk about creaky early sound cinema, they mean movies like this backstage musical (the dubbing of wild voices to simulate audience cross-talk is particularly laughable). On the other hand, this is the only movie ever produced by the great Florenz Ziegfeld, the man who revolutionized show business with his yearly Follies. And it's jam-packed with priceless recordings of great performers at work, including Helen Morgan and Eddie Cantor, doing a knockout vaudeville routine, before he was sanitized by Samuel Goldwyn.
Fri Nov 30: 3

THE ROAD TO LIFE / PUTYOVKA V ZHIZN
Nikolai Ekk, Soviet Union, 1931; 98m
Nikolai Ekk's wonderfully inventive film about a roving gang of orphans rounded up and sent to a revolutionary work camp was certainly an inspiration for William Wellman's 1933 depression melodrama Wild Boys of the Road (and may in turn have been inspired by Wellman's 1926 silent Beggars of Life, with Louise Brooks), but it's an even more dynamic, heartbreaking movie, with a stunning use of sound as a storytelling technique. An early favorite of critic John Simon. But we're showing it anyway. Preceded by
PACIFIC 231
Mikhail Tsekhanovsky, 1930; 7m
"Using the music by Honnegar, the film superimposes prismatic photography of the orchestra and train scenes, the whole cut in a most bravura formalist style." Never before seen in the USA.
Sat Dec 1: 2 & 6:15

MONTE CARLO
Ernst Lubitsch, U.S., 1930; 90m
"It is much more difficult to find a leading lady," commented Ernst Lubitsch to a group of New York reporters in 1929 - he was talking about working in sound. "Those who are attractive often have poor voices, and those who can act and have good voices are not so pleasing in their appearance." But Lubitsch, who immediately grasped the musical potential of the new medium, hit the jackpot right away with Jeanette MacDonald. Her beauty, charm and extraordinary voice made her ideal for the talkies. After their initial success with The Love Parade in 1929, Lubitsch and MacDonald re-teamed for this technically innovative comic musical. MacDonald is the bride who runs away from the altar all the way to Monte Carlo, and the legendary stage star Jack Buchanan is the count who wants to marry her. This is the movie in which MacDonald first sang one of her signature tunes, "Beyond the Blue Horizon" - from a moving train no less, as she waves to the peasants outside.
Sat Dec 1: 4:15 & 8:30

APPLAUSE
Rouben Mamoulian, U.S., 1929; 80m
The great Helen Morgan didn't appear in too many movies, but she had the good fortune to play the lead in this groundbreaking backstage melodrama, and she's electrifying. If stage whiz Rouben Mamoulian's debut, with its ceaselessly moving camera and flamboyant soundtrack, seems less revolutionary today than it did in 1929, it's probably because most of its technical innovations were so thoroughly incorporated into standard film practice. On the other hand, this story of a washed-up singer and the daughter she's trying her best to shelter is filled with beautiful burlesque atmosphere.
Sun Dec 2: 6; Mon Dec 3: 3

LE MILLION
René Clair, France, 1931; 83m
Silent comedy master René Clair predicted that sound would kill the art of filmmaking. He obviously re-formulated this theory, and made three thrilling musicals in a row that confirmed the exciting possibilities arising from the marriage of sound and image: Under the Roofs of Paris, LE MILLION, and A nous la liberté. Of the three, this enchanting story of an impoverished artist and his frantic efforts to find a missing Dutch lottery ticket remains the greatest and most influential. Most of the dialogue is sung rather than spoken, and the film sparkles like a lovely little jewel.
Sun Dec 2: 8; Mon Dec 3: 1

TIDE OF THE EMPIRE
Allan Dwan, 1929, U.S.; 77m
Pioneer Allan Dwan made this partial sound film about the California Gold Rush in 1929, starring the great silent star Renée Adorée. As pictorially beautiful as all the director's work from this period, TIDE OF THE EMPIRE is an invigorating outdoor melodrama. It's also notable for a purely technical reason, as one of the first films to employ an early, experimental version of a device that's now an industry standard - the zoom lens.
Tue Dec 4: 1; Wed Dec 5: 8

I WAS BORN, BUT.../ UMARETE WA MITA KEREDO
Yasujiro Ozu, Japan, 1932; 100m
Note: this film has no sound track and will not have musical accompaniment.
Japanese cinema remained silent into the mid-30s, but its directors were already absorbing the lessons and innovations of American sound films. Ozu was a devotee of American cinema - he paid a nice tribute to the film If I Had a Million in his Woman of Tokyo. This sharp comedy about two boys who expect their father to stand up to his boss is as elegant in its comic set ups as a Leo McCarey film, but it has that visual precision and emotional beauty that are unique to Ozu. Later remade by its director as Ohayo.
Tue Dec 4: 2:45; Thurs Dec 6: 1 & 8

about the series | film descriptions and times